By Timothy J. Killeen
Mineral extraction is a major cause of contention among the inhabitants of the Pan Amazon. Thousands of families depend on economic activity that originates, directly or indirectly, from the mining and hydrocarbon industries. Simultaneously, thousands of families suffer, directly or indirectly, from the impacts caused by the exploitation of non-renewable natural resources.
The mineral sector can be organized into three areas based on the type of commodity being extracted: (1) Industrial minerals, such as iron ore, bauxite, copper, zinc, magnesium, nickel, lead, molybdenum and tin, which are key to essential supply chains in the global economy; (2) Gold, which has only limited industrial use, but which occupies a strategic position in financial markets due to the value assigned by human society; (3) Hydrocarbons, specifically natural gas and petroleum, which power electricity and transportation systems that are still much in demand by the global economy and are integral to the macroeconomic health of domestic economies, although their future utility is limited by the reality of climate change and the accelerating transition to renewable energy.
Illegal mining is practiced in the department of Guainía (Colombia) in both dredge rafts and open-pit mining. Image by Rodrigo Durán Bahamón.
The extractive industries rely on the approval (legal) or acquiescence (illegal gold mining) of national governments, who are motivated by short-term economic benefits that are quasi-addictive in their macroeconomic impact. The hard reality of an unfavorable balance of payment situation forces governments to promote mineral development, even when the overall cost–benefit equation might call for a different development strategy. This predisposition is replicated by regional and local governments, particularly those controlled by local elites that benefit from secondary business opportunities. Local populations are commonly conflicted by mineral development projects and some welcome employment opportunities, even when transitory, while others fear the well-documented social and environmental impacts that can persist long after the productive life cycle of the so-called extractive asset.
The operators of a mine or an oil field are morally, legally and financially liable for the environmental and social impacts caused by their business ventures. They share that liability with the state, however, because governments are the recipients of taxes and royalties, as well as the administrators of the agencies charged with regulatory oversight. Because minerals are export commodities, the cost of avoiding, mitigating or remediating impacts are (theoretically) shared by consumers and downstream industries as well as financial institutions that vet and approve all legally constituted projects.
Outside of these easily identifiable and coercible stakeholders are the wildcat miners who benefit from the acquiescence (malfeasance) of elected officials, while being rewarded by an international financial system that buys their gold. Nobody has assumed the moral, legal or financial responsibility for remediating the massive impacts caused by wildcat miners. That cost is borne by the inhabitants of the Amazon.
“A Perfect Storm in the Amazon” is a book by Timothy Killeen and contains the author’s viewpoints and analysis. The second edition was published by The White Horse in 2021, under the terms of a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0 license).
To read earlier chapters of the book, find Chapter One here, Chapter Two here, Chapter Three here and Chapter Four here.
This article was originally published on Mongabay
